重量％

US7556655 (Method of producing lithium ion cathode materials)
"Briefly（概して）, a method of producing Li_y[Ni_xCo_1−2xMn_x]O₂ wherein 0.025≦x≦0.45 and 0.9≦y≦1.3, includes mixing [Ni_xCo_1−2xMn_x](OH)₂ with LiOH or Li₂CO₃ and one or both of（一方または両方、および/または）alkali metal fluorides (preferably LiF) and boron compounds (for example, boric acid, boron oxide, and/or lithium borates), hereinafter referred to as（以下～と呼ぶ）sintering agent（焼結助剤）, and then heating the mixture for a time sufficient to obtain a densified（高密度化、緻密）composition of Li_y[Ni_xCo_1−2xMn_x]O₂, the product being（分詞）sufficiently dense（緻密、高密度）for use in a lithium-ion battery. Compositions so densified exhibit a minimum reversible volumetric energy characterized by the formula [1833-333x] measured in Wh/L, wherein x is as previously defined, and wherein the densified compound is substantially free of（有さない、含まない）F. Preferably（好適）x has a value in the range of（定冠詞）0.05 to 0.45 and y has a value in the range of 1.0 to 1.1.

Although dense oxides can also be obtained using a synthesis including a heating step at high temperature（無冠詞）(1100° C.), such a heat treatment is not considered suitable for industrial applications because 1100° C. heating places severe constraints on（負担をかける）furnaces that do not apply for about 900° C. heating.

In a preferred embodiment, the density is increased by using（用いることにより）a sintering agent involving（用いた、含む）about 0.1 to about 5.0 wt %（重量％）, preferably about 0.2 to about 3.0 wt %, more preferably about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %, of one or both of lithium fluoride and boron oxide at a heating temperature of（不定冠詞）approximately 900° C. during the synthesis of Li[Ni_xCo_1−2xMn_x]O₂.

This process provides a product with advantages of increased density, low irreversible capacity, and enhanced（向上、改善）cathode performance such as greater reversible volumetric energy. Useful pellet density values are in the range of about 3.3 to about 4.0 g/cm³, and preferably about 3.4 to about 4.0 g/cm³."

Graphene-modified LiFePO₄ cathode for lithium ion battery beyond theoretical capacity, Nature Communications
"The specific capacity of commercially available cathode carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate is typically 120–160 mAh g⁻¹, which is lower than the theoretical value 170 mAh g⁻¹. Here we report that the carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate, surface-modified with 2 wt%（重量％）of the electrochemically exfoliated graphene layers, is able to（できる）reach 208 mAh g⁻¹ in specific capacity. The excess capacity is attributed to（起因、原因、のためであると考えられる）the reversible reduction–oxidation reaction between the lithium ions（複数形）of the electrolyte and the exfoliated（剥離）graphene flakes, where（追加修飾、詳細説明）the graphene flakes exhibit a capacity（不定冠詞）higher than 2,000 mAh g⁻¹. The highly conductive graphene flakes wrapping around carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate also assist（促進、易くする、容易）the electron migration during the charge/discharge（充放電）processes, diminishing the irreversible capacity at the first cycle and leading to ~（約、おおよそ；tilde）100% coulombic efficiency without fading at various C-rates. Such a simple and scalable approach may also be applied to other cathode systems, boosting up（増大、増加）the capacity for various Li batteries."

US2011/0200674 (ANTIMICROBIAL FOAM AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE)
"[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,210 (hereinafter the '210 patent") describes（記載）a foam for ink printer cartridges that contain（先行詞はfoamで、正しくはcontainsでは？）0.1-5.0 wt %（重量パーセント）of silver nanoparticles based on the total weight of the foam. (The '210 patent at（inかofにしそうだが）「要約書部分における上記文献」だから問題無い（後記6MAR2016）the Abstract.) The foam may be one of（1種類）polyester resin, polyurethane resin, isocyanate resin, polysiloxane resin, and a mixture thereof. (The '210 patent at col. 3, lines 5-10.) The silver nanoparticles are contained in the foam in an amount of（の量）0.1-5.0 wt % based on the weight of the foam. (The '210 patent at col. 2, lines 57-59.) Less than 0.1 wt % of silver fails to provide sufficient antibacterial properties while silver in excess of 5.0 wt % does not increase the antibacterial properties of the foam and becomes economically unfeasible（割りが合わない、コスパが悪い、非現実的）. (The '210 patent at col. 2, lines 59-63.) The silver nanoparticles have sizes from（サイズ、寸法）30 nm to 100 .mu.m. (The '210 patent at col. 2, lines 64-66.) If（の場合、ならば、であると；実現未知）the nanoparticles are less than 30 nm in size（寸法）, they become difficult to manufacture. On the other hand, when the silver nanoparticles exceed 100 .mu.m in size, they are not uniformly dispersed in the foam. (The '210 patent at col. 2, line 66, through col. 3, line 3.)"

US8356667 (Liquid Crystals for Drilling, Completion and Production Fluids)
"Somewhat surprisingly（意外）, it has been found that（発見、見出す）nanotubes, specifically carbon nanotubes, exhibit liquid crystal behavior（無冠詞）under certain conditions. This behavior may occur when the nanotubes are stabilized in water by using a surfactant（不定冠詞、具体的）, in one non-limiting instance, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Other surfactants may be used which will be described below. These stabilized nanotubes are described in C. Zakri, et al., “Phase Behavior of Nanotube Suspensions: From Attraction Induced Percolation to Liquid Crystalline Phases,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2006, Vol. 16, pp. 4095-4098, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety（参照による引用、援用）. Another approach involves（別の方法、手法）dispersing nanotubes in superacids, e.g.（例えば）sulfuric acid with various levels of excess（過剰）SO₃, chlorosulfonic acid and triflic acid. Concentrations up to 10 wt %（重量％パーセント）without the need for surfactants is described by V. A. Davis, et al., in “Phase Behavior and Rheology of SWNTs in Superacids,” Macromolecules, 2004, Vol. 37, pp. 154-160, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety."

"As described, the liquid crystals may be pre-formed, that is, formed on the surface within the fluid or then added to the fluid which is then pumped down-hole. Alternatively or additionally（および/または、または、ないし更に）, the liquid crystals may be formed in situ adjacent to or within the wellbore or the subterranean formation. In the former situation the liquid crystal may be pre-formed by self-organization of surfactants, polymeric surfactants, amphiphilic polymers, polymers, copolymers, graphite nano tubes, carbon nano tubes, lipids, proteins and Janus molecules and particles or their mixtures thereof or by self-assembly of highly specific functional supramolecules including but not limited to（含むが非限定）“Janus like” liquid crystals. By “Janus like” is meant（意味する、指す）structures designed on a molecular level including molecules and/or particles having two different types of mesogenic units (e.g. hydrophilic/lipophilic) grafted onto the same scaffold to provide specific properties that may be reversed in response to certain external stimuli, By “highly specific functional” supramolecules it is meant（isは不要と思う）self-assembling systems made up of multiple components that are not covalently bound together but associated by specific molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and charge-transfer interactions and have built into their structure the ability to（内蔵、備わっている、具備、組み込み）perform selective processing. Functional supra-molecules are designed incorporating（含んで設計；分詞）certain functionality within a liquid crystalline molecule through covalent attachment to the mesogen unit of a given functional unit, which in general is not well adapted to（適合、適応）being organized in nanoscale architectures. In the latter situation, it may be advantageous to form the LCs using a material already at or within the wellbore or subterranean formation or geothermal formation, for instance an oil or other hydrocarbon that may assist in forming the liquid crystals. However, aqueous fluids already present in the wellbore and/or subterranean formation may also be incorporated into the LCs. As noted（上記、説明）, once formed, the LCs may be self-orienting or may be oriented by the downhole temperature.
[0031]
Surfactants suitable for creating the pre-formed and/or in situ liquid crystals herein include, but are not necessarily limited to（含むが非限定）non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric and cationic surfactants as well as blends thereof. Co-solvents or co-surfactants such as alcohols are optional additives used in the liquid crystals formulation. Suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl polyglycosides（複数）, sorbitan esters, polyglycol esters, methyl glucoside esters, alcohol ethoxylates, fluorocarbon surfactants and the like（等、など）. Suitable amphiphilic copolymers are formed by combination of complex polymers, such as polyvinylpyridines, polyacrylic acids, polyethylene oxides (PEO), polyisoprenes, polycarbosilanes, polypropylene imines, polyamidoamines, polyesters, polysilicones, and polyphenylenevinylenes (PPV). Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkali metal alkyl sulfates, alkyl or alkylaryl sulfonates, linear or branched alkyl ether sulfates and sulfonates, alcohol polypropoxylated and/or polyethoxylated sulfates, alkyl or alkylaryl disulfonates, alkyl disulfates, alkyl sulphosuccinates, alkyl ether sulfates, linear and branched ether sulfates and mixtures thereof. Suitable cationic surfactants include, but are not necessarily limited to, arginine methyl esters, ester quats, alkanolamines and alkylenediamides. Suitable amphoteric surfactants include（適切、好適例）, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl betaine, alkylamidopropyl betaine, sulfobetaines, aminopropionates, sultaines, imido propionic acids. Others suitable surfactants are dimeric or gemini surfactants, extended surfactants, silicone surfactants, Janus surfactants, cleavable surfactants and mixtures thereof. In one non-limiting embodiment at least two surfactants in a blend may be used to create the liquid crystals. “Cleavable surfactants” are a special class of surfactants with controlled half-lives that are rendered inactive by cleavage of some of their tailor-made（独特？、特殊、専用）weak chemical bonds, which break down either under acidic hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis or under the presence of ultraviolet light, in order to make the material compatible with a subsequent procedure, or in order to selectively remove the cleavage products, or in order to have the cleavage product impart a new function.
[0032]
Extended surfactants, also called extended chain surfactants, may be defined as those（定義） containing a non-ionic spacer-arm central extension and an ionic or nonionic polar group. The non-ionic spacer-arm central extension may be the result of polypropoxylation, polyethoxylation, or a combination of the two, in non-limiting embodiments. In one non-limiting embodiment（非限定実施例、実施態様）, the spacer arm may contain from 2 to 20（から～の、範囲）propoxy moieties and/or from 0 to 20 ethoxy moieties. Alternatively, the spacer arm may contain from 2 independently up to 16 propoxy moieties and/or from 2 independently up to 8 ethoxy moieties, where（詳細説明）“independently” with respect to ranges herein means any combination of a lower threshold with an upper threshold. In a particular non-restrictive version, the spacer arm contains both propoxy and ethoxy moieties. The polypropoxy portion of the spacer arm may be considered lipophilic, however, the extended chain surfactant may also contain a hydrophilic portion to attach the hydrophilic group, which may generally be a polyethoxy portion, in one non-limiting embodiment having two or more ethoxy groups. These portions are generally in blocks, rather than being mixed, e.g. randomly mixed. It may be understood that（理解、考えてもよい）the extended chain surfactant is an intramolecular mixture so that the extended chain surfactant achieves some gradual change from hydrophilic to lipophilic across the water/oil interface. Such surfactants help increase and thicken the interfacial region between the water and oil phases, which is desirable since this lowers interfacial tension and increases solubilization."

"It will be appreciated that（分かる、理解）the amount of liquid crystals to be created or formed and the amounts of in situ-forming LC components (liquid crystal forming material(s)) and optional co-surfactant or polar and nonpolar components (if present) to be added or included in the fluids is difficult to determine and predict in advance with much accuracy since（なぜなら、理由）it is dependent upon a number of interrelated factors including, but not necessarily limited to, the brine type, the temperature of the formation, the particular surfactant or surfactant blend, type of polymer, copolymer or nanotube used, etc（等、など）. Nevertheless, in order to give some idea of（概略を説明すれば、大まか）the quantities used, in one non-limiting embodiment, the proportion of liquid crystal in the fluid may range from about 1% up to about 85 volume %, even up to about 100 volume %（容量％、容積百分率）, and in other non-limiting embodiments may range from about 1 to about 20 volume % in a diluted fluid."