English Collection

日頃目に付いた覚えたい英単語、慣用句などの表現についてのメモです。

rash in

2024年04月16日 | 英単語
Yasutaka TsutsuiのSF小説 "The Girl who Leapt through Time" を読みました。

Kazuko left the house with no destination in mind, but she was dying to tell someone. At first, she thought about visiting Goro. But then, Goro could be easily scared and was sometimes rash in his behaviour. Perhaps it would be better to visit Kazuo instead? Sure, he came across at times as being a bit spaced out. But underneath it all, Kazuo was really rather smart.

"rash in" の意味を調べます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: a lot of something; a series of unpleasant things that happen over a short period of time: Rising prices are the result of the recent rash of strikes in the steel industry.
・Collins Dictionary: If someone is rash or does rash things, they act without thinking carefully first, and therefore make mistakes or behave foolishly.: Don't do anything rash until the feelings subside.
・Vocabulary.com: A rash is something that spreads like wild fire — red itchy skin or a series of unfortunate events. It can also describe an impulsive, wild decision.
As an adjective, rash has meant "quick, vigorous" since the 1300s by way of Scotland. The meaning shifted to "reckless" a few hundred years later, and can still be used that way — a "rash decision" is a sudden, not well thought out one. Rash, the noun that no one wants on their skin, came a few hundred years after that, but from the French word rache which at some point meant "ringworm." Ringworm still gives us a red, itchy rash. Fun! Rash can also mean a lot of unpleasant things happening in a short amount of time, like robberies or earthquakes.

英英辞書はたいていの場合Oxford English Dictionary、Collins DictionarとCambridge English Dictionarなどの例文が付いている辞書を利用しています。そして、一部の単語について詳しい解説があるVocabulary.comも見ることにしています。
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causal loop

2024年04月15日 | 英単語
"Philosophy for Beginners" を読んでいます。

Arthur travels to the future in a time machine and steals the blueprint for a time machine. He then goes back and gives it to Professor Wells, who uses it to build the time machine that took Arthur to the future. This scenario involves something called a causal loop. That's when events ultimately seem to cause themselves.

"causal loop" の "causal" が最初は何の形容詞か分かりませんでしたが、辞書を見たら直ぐに元の単語は "cause" だと分かりました。
・Oxford English Dictionary: (formal) connected with the relationship between two things, where one causes the other to happen: the causal relationship between poverty and disease
・Collins Dictionary: If there is a causal relationship between two things, one thing is responsible for causing the other thing.: Rawlins stresses that it is impossible to prove a causal link between the drug and the deaths.
・Cambridge English Dictionary: a relationship, link, etc. between two things in which one causes the other: Is there a causal relationship between violence on television and violent behaviour?

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The best technique to sell

2024年04月13日 | 英単語
Reader's Digest 2月号の記事 "Laughter the Best Medicine" からの引用です。
The best technique to sell burglar alarms: Stop by when nobody's home, and leave a brochure on the kitchen table.
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deontology

2024年04月12日 | 英単語
"Philosophy for Beginners" を読んでいます。
To help decide if an action is right or wrong, philosophers have developed ways of looking at morality. Some have very formal names, such as utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics.

"ontology" と同様に哲学用語でしょうね。
・Collins Dictionary: the branch of ethics dealing with duty, moral obligation, and moral commitment: As stated before, deontology focuses on adhering to ethical duties, while consequentialism focuses on the outcomes (consequences) of actions.
・Wikipedia (excerption): In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action

"ontology" との関係がよく分かりませんね。
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ontological/ontology

2024年04月11日 | 英単語
"Philosophy for Beginners" を読んでいます。

Ontological Argument
Nealy a thousand years ago, a philosopher and monk called Anselm of Canterbury put forward what's known as the ontological argument. He said that there was something about the very idea of God that compels you to agree that God must exist. If you struggle to get your head round it, don't warry. The language is tricky:

"ontological" は形容詞なので元の "ontology" で辞書を見ます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence
・Collins Dictionary: Ontology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence.: ...the ontological question of the relationship between mind and body.
・Vocabulary.com: If you are interested in metaphysics and the meaning of existence (and want to impress your friends), ontology may be a good field of study for you.
Ontology comes from two Greek words: on, which means "being," and logia, which means "study." So ontology is the study of being alive and existing. Heady stuff, but something we all ponder at one point or another. When you see the word ontology, think of Hamlet agonizing over "To be, or not to be" or Descartes stating "I think, therefore I am."

最後に引用したVocabulary.comの説明は分かり易いですね。
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infinite regress

2024年04月10日 | 英単語
"Philosophy for Beginners" を読んでいます。
When you start to wonder why you believe something...there's always another 'why...?' and the endless chain of whys turns into an infinite regress...
The problem is, that this line of questioning needn't stop here, In fact, some philosophers argue that it could just go to forever, and ever and ever, in what's known as an infinite regress.

"infinite regress" はいつまでたっても議論・話が以前の状態に戻ることを示しているようです。辞書に説明があるか見ます。
・Wiktionary: (logic) A regress into an infinite sequence of propositions in an attempt to found the truth of the proposition Pi on the truth of the proposition Pi+1.
・Merriam-Webster: an endless chain of reasoning leading backward by interpolating a third entity between any two entities
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fiddly

2024年04月09日 | 英単語
Jordan Akpojaro他2名の著者にる "Philosophy for Beginners" を借りました。実は "Philosophy" の本を読む気は毛頭もなく、"Psychology for Beginners" を予約したつもりでした。しかも手にした時に中学生程度を対象にした本だと分かりました。とりあえず読みます。

Why do philosophy?
...
No. Not every question is philosophical, but lots are especially question that challenge very basic ideas. Such as, what do the words 'good' and 'bad' really mean?
And how can you know if something is 'good' rather than 'bad', or even whether it matters either way?
It all sounds a bit fiddly, and rather difficult.

中学生程度を対象と言っても、母国語ではないので余り馴染みのない単語が出てきます。 "fiddly" がそうです。

・Oxford English Dictionary: difficult to do or use because small objects are involved: Zips are less fiddly than buttons.
・Collins Dictionary: Something that is fiddly is difficult to do or use because it involves small or complicated objects.: It was a time-consuming and fiddly job.
・Merriam-Webster: requiring close attention to detail: FUSSY: especially: requiring an annoying amount of close attention the tiny control buttons on the back are fiddly
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frugal grandfather

2024年04月08日 | 英単語
Reader's Digest 2月号の記事 "LIFE in these United States" からの引用です。
My grandfather was frugal to the end. As he lay dying, surrounded by his children, he warned, "If you kids spend more than $500 for a casket, I'll kick the lid off."
"Dad," my father said in a reassuring tone, "for $500, you don't get a lid."
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tracksuite

2024年04月06日 | 英単語
村田沙耶香の "Earthlings" を読んでいます。

I was extremely relieved about his insistence on absolutely no sexual contact. He was more neurotic about it than I was. The loungewear I'd previously worn at home exposed my calves, which revolted him, so I started wearing a tracksuit instead. We hadn't even so much as shaken hands. At most our fingertips had brushed handing over a parcel.

"loungewear" と "tracksuit" の衣服名が出てきました。"loungewear" は部屋着の様ですが "tracksuit" は何でしょう?

・American Heritage Dictionary: A usually zippered jacket and matching pants worn by athletes and exercisers usually before and after workouts.
・Collins Dictionary: A tracksuit is a loose, warm suit consisting of trousers and a top which people wear to relax and to do exercise.: [British] Going into the palace in a tracksuit and trainers worried me.
・Cambridge English Dictionary: a loose top and trousers, worn either by people who are training for a sport or exercising, or as informal clothing: Children are great spenders when it comes to shoes, tracksuits, ties or any form of equipment.

日本語でトレーナーと言っている服のようですが、"trainer" を英英辞書で見ると:Oxford English Dictionary:(British English) a shoe that you wear for sports or as informal 米語では "sneaker, gym shoe" とありました。

"loungewear" はやはり室内着ですね。
・Oxford English Dictionary: (used especially in shops) informal, comfortable clothing that you wear when relaxing at home:Because loungewear – that's pyjamas – has been going up in the world.
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long in the tooth

2024年04月04日 | 英単語
村田沙耶香の "Earthlings" を読んでいます。

We lowered the coffin into the hole.
"Shall we say our last goodbye, then?" asked Uncle Teruyoshi.
They opened up the coffin. Uncle Takahiro, his voicr hoarse, said, "Well old man, you got long in the tooth, didn't you?"
The aunts looked at Grandpa's face and choked up.

"long in the tooth" は慣用句でしょう。辞書を見ます。

・Oxford English Dictionary: (humorous, especially British English) old or too old
・Collins Dictionary: If you describe someone as long in the tooth, you are saying unkindly or humorously that they are old or getting old.[informal, disapproval]: Aren't I a bit long in the tooth to start being an undergraduate?
・Wiktionary: Possibly from the practice of examining the length of horses’ teeth when estimating their ages: an old horse has long, rectangular incisors, and their occlusion angle is steep. Compare don't look a gift horse in the mouth.

人間の歯は歳をとっても短くなることはあり得ても、長くなることはありませんね。
この慣用句も4/26/2018に既に取り上げていました。表現の由来、何故老馬の歯が長いかについての記述があるので気になる方は是非読んで下さい。
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