hack

松本清張の短編小説集 "The Voice and other stories" を読み始めました。
最初に取り上げる単語は "hack" で、二つの作品に出てきましたが、同じ意味ではない様です。
初めに出てきたのは THE FACE の次の個所です。
Inadvertently this must have showed in my face. Y. patted me on the shoulder.
"It'll be all right. Unlike plays, movies are made up of lots of small scenes--hack acting. It's nothing to get nervous about," he encouraged.
この "hack acting" は細切れの演技/芝居の意味だと思いますが、次の小説 THE SERIAL（新聞の連続小説の意味）に出てきた "hack" の意味は推測できません。
Ryouji Sugimoto, who had seemed like a good-natured hack novelist, suddenly began to take on a new and sinister light in Yoshiko's eyes.
"hack novelist"　これも細切れの小説を書く作家だからこう呼ばれるのでしょうか？

・Oxford English Dictionary: A writer or journalist producing dull, unoriginal work.: Sunday newspaper hacks earn their livings on such gullibilities’

・Wikitionary: A person, often a journalist, hired to do routine work.: I got by on hack work for years before I finally published my novel.
・Infoplease: a writer who works on the staff of a publisher at a dull or routine task; someone who works as a literary drudge: He was one among the many hacks on Grub Street.
余り大した作家では無いようですね。

catch as catch can

'THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES' からの引用です。

"Never mind. Let me ask you a question. How would you feel if you were a Martian and people came to your land and started tearing it up?"
"I know exactly how I'd feel," said Cheroke. "I've got some Cherokee blood in me. My grandfather told me lots of things about Oklahoma Territory. If ther's a Martian around, I'm all for him."
"What about you other men?" asked Spender carefully.
Nobody answered; their silence was talk enough. Catch as catch can, finder's keepers, if the other fellow turns his cheek slap it hard, etc....
"finder's keepers" は見たことのある表現ですが、"Catch as catch can" は初めてです。いずれにせよ慣用句的なので辞書を見ます。

・Oxford English Dictionary: A situation of using whatever is available.: It seems to me that this is an advantage worth hanging on to, even in this catch-as-catch-can age.

・Farlex Dictionary of Idioms: Done by any means or in any possible way, often haphazardly.: The restaurant was so busy during dinner that getting service was catch as catch can.

・Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: using any available means or method: hit-or-miss: a catch-as-catch-can system that relies on borrowed judges
ほとんどの辞書は "catch as catch can" ではなく、ハイフンを使った "catch-as-catch-can" を見出しにしています。

in the double moonlight

'THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES' からの引用です。
One of the men ran into the ship and brought forth food tins which were opened and dished out without much noise. The men were begining to talk now. The captain sat down and recounted the trip to them. They already knew it all, but it was good to hear about it, as something over and done and safely put away. They would not talk about the return trip. Someone brought that up, but they told him to keep quiet. The spoon moved in the double moonlight; the food tasted good and the wine was even better.
"in the double moonlight" の個所の意味が分かりません。慣用句かとも思い色々調べたが分かりません。しかし、ふと気が付きました。火星の話なので火星には月が二つあるのではと？
　
Wikipediaに次の説明があり、一件落着です。
Mars has two relatively small (compared to Earth's) natural moons, Phobos (about 22 km (14 mi) in diameter) and Deimos (about 12 km (7.5 mi) in diameter), which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory, but their origin remains uncertain. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall; they are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread), who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle.

call that Tuesday

今日は火曜日。火曜日にピッタリの話題です。
Reader's Digest 7/8月号 "This is Your Brain on Stress" からの引用です。
Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us, for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Engines conking out after takeoff? Pilots used to call that Tuesday. Today, it's a rarity.
この引用文に出て来る "call that Tuesday" が分かりません。
辞書を調べてもこの表現は見当たりません。そこでGoogle検索をすると、この表現は結構使われていることが分かりますが、意味はやはりピンと来ません。
ネット上で見かけた例は：
・Some call it Valentine's Day, I call it Tuesday
・To you it may be the hardest thing you’ve ever done and someone else may do it and call it “Tuesday”.
しつこく調べると、この表現はネイティブでも分からない人がいる様で、 UsingEnglish.comのサイトに質問と回答が出ていました。
質問： Hey guys, I was watching a movie last night and in the first part a doctor had a successful surgery and when he was coming out of his room, he kept saying: "You know what I call what I did in there? I call it Tuesday. I do, I call it Tuesday."
I don't understand the meaning of "Tuesday" here. Would you help me out guys?
回答： He was bragging. He had finished doing surgery and was basically saying that the amazing work that he just did was routine, everyday work. For other people it might be the highlight of their life. For him it was just "Tuesday."
日常茶飯事、でも朝飯前の様に自慢げに言う時に使うのですね。

statism

'THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES' からの引用です。
There was going to be a big atomic war on Earth in about two years, and he didn't want to be here when it happened. He and thousands of others like him, if they had any sense, would go to Mars. See if they wouldn't! To get away from wars and censorship and statism and conscription and government control of this and that, of art and science!
"statism" は "state" から派生した言葉の様なので、国家主義、国家主権主義の様な意味の様ですが、辞書で確認します。

・Oxford English Dictionary: A political system in which the state has substantial centralized control over social and economic affairs.: the rise of authoritarian statism

・Collins Dictionary: the theory or practice of concentrating economic and political power in the state, resulting in a weak position for the individual or community with respect to the government

・Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: concentration of economic controls and planning in the hands of a highly centralized government often extending to government ownership of industry: Central American corruption, statism and crony capitalism have led to poverty and exclusion.
現在 "statism" で直ぐに思いつく国は北朝鮮、シリア、そして中国もそうかな。

fluted pillar tops

'THE MARTIAN CHRONICLES' by Ray Bradburyを読み始めました。
She watched the blue sky of Mars as if it might at any moment grip in on itself, contract, and expel a shining miracle down upon the sand.
Nothing happened.
Tired of waiting, she walked through the misting pillars. A gentle rain sprang from the fluted pillar tops, cooling the scorched air, falling gently on her.
楽器のフルートではない "flute" を以前（6/13/2016）取り上げましたが、上の引用個所に出てきた "fluted pillar tops" の "flute" はその "flute" の意味（a tall, narrow wine glass）ではないことは確かです。辞書を見ます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: Architecture n. An ornamental vertical groove in a column.; v. Make flutes or grooves in.: the wood has been fluted to resemble Greek columns:

・Collins Dictionary: n. a rounded shallow concave groove on the shaft of a column, pilaster, etc; v. to make long, rounded grooves in (a column, etc.)

・Cambridge English Dictionary: If an object, especially a round object, is fluted, its edges have many curves that go in and out: fluted columns/pillars

exploded diagram

仕事で、ある製品カタログを読んでいると興味のある表現が出てきました。
You can see from the exploded diagram that the 7340/7350 case protects the resistive elements and all shunt circuitry.
"exploded diagram" は初めて見る表現ですが、この文の近くに装置の分解図があるので分解図を指していることは間違いありません。辞書で確認します。
"exploded diagram" の項目は見当たりませんでしたが、Collins Dictionaryに "exploded drawing" の項があり、'another name for exploded view' とあり、次の説明がありました。
exploded view: a drawing or photograph of a complicated mechanism that shows the individual parts separately, usually indicating their relative positions

その他の辞書でも "exploded view/exploded-view drawing" などの項目はありました。
・Wiktionary: A view in a drawing showing how parts in an assembly fit together.: An exploded view will show the assembly details well.

institution

Reader's Digest 7/8月号 "America the TASTY" からの引用です。
Alabama
Signature dish: Chicken in white sauce.
During the 1920's Alabanians flocked to railroad worker "Big Bob" Gibson's backyard on the weekends for hickory-smoked chicken smothered in his own vinegar-and-manyonnaise sauce. His Decantur restaurant and his chicken and white sauce are still institutions.
3/7/2014 に取り上げた "institution" は人に対する言葉でしたが、上記の "institutions" は人ではありませんね。 "institutions" を辞書で再度確認します。

・Oxford English Dictionary: informal A well-established and familiar person or custom.: Dress codes are a British institution, and the British love their uniforms.

・Collins Dictionary: An institution is a custom or system that is considered an important or typical feature of a particular society or group, usually because it has existed for a long time.: I believe in the institution of marriage.
・Cambridge English Dictionary: a custom or tradition that has existed for a long time and is accepted as an important part of a particular society: the venerable institution of marriage

the dog days

Reader's Digest 7/8月号 "World of Medicene" からの引用です。
HEAT CAN MAKE YOUR BRAIN SLUGGISH
If you find it hard to get your work done during the dog days of summer, blame the heat. In a Harvard University study, 20 students who lived in a dormitory with no air-conditioning had slower reaction times, 13 percent lower performance on basic arithmetic tests, and a nearly 10 percent reduction in the number of correct responses per minutes compared with students who lived in an air-conditioned building.
"the dog days" は猛暑の日だとは容易に推測できますが、何故「犬の日」が猛暑と関係があるのでしょうか？　犬は暑さに弱く、暑いと舌を出してハーハーと呼吸をするからでしょうか？　　疑問が湧き、由来が気になり調べました。
・Farlex Dictionary of Idioms
The period in the summer often thought to be hottest, usually considered to be July 3 to August 11. In ancient times, people associated the heat during this period with the concurrent rising of Sirius, nicknamed "the dog star." The phrase is a translation of the Latin dies caniculares, meaning "dog star days."
・American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms:
Hot, sultry summer weather; also, a period of stagnation. For example, It's hard to get much work done during the dog days, or Every winter there's a week or two of dog days when sales drop dramatically. The term alludes to the period between early July and early September, when Sirius, the so-called Dog Star, rises and sets with the sun. The ancient Romans called this phenomenon dies caniculares, which was translated as "dog days" in the first half of the 1500s.
星の名前から来ているとは全く気が付きませんでした。

bootstrap

'Stop What You're Doing and Read This!' を読んでいます。
Will the presence of digital tools such as translations and definitions serve to enhance the reading experience, by acting as bootstraps when difficulties are encountered, or will they disprupt it? What will such directions mean to the intellectual autonomy of individuals?
"bootstraps" はコンピュータで使われる "booting/boot" の元になった言葉ですね。
・Dictionary.com:a means of advancing oneself or accomplishing something: He used his business experience as a bootstrap to win voters.
語源辞書のOnline Etymologyから "bootstrap" の項の説明を引用します。
Circa 1900, to pull (oneself) up by (one's) bootstraps was used figuratively of an impossible task (among the "practical questions" at the end of chapter one of Steele's "Popular Physics" schoolbook (1888) is, "30. Why can not a man lift himself by pulling up on his boot-straps?" and an excellent question it is). By 1916 the meaning of the phrase had expanded to include "better oneself by rigorous, unaided effort." The meaning "fixed sequence of instructions to load the operating system of a computer" (1953) is from the notion of the first-loaded program pulling itself (and the rest) up by the bootstrap. It was used earlier of electrical circuits (1946).