The story of the Kings and Queens of England is more surprising you might think.
0:20 It’s a fine drama a thousand years of tales of lust（強い欲望）and betrayal(裏切り) of heroism(英雄的資質) and cruelty(残酷さ) of mysteries murders tragedies and triumphs.
0:33 But there’s more than that.
For example, one of the most reliable chronicles describes a king of England proposed adopting Islam（イスラム教を採用することを提案した） as the national religion.
“This episode, the first of six includes that tale it tells the story of the English crown from 1016 to 1216（1216年: ヘンリー3世即位しフランスに遠征）, from one French invader to the next Louis, yes Louis.
Another surprise a king of England who’s pretty much disappeared from history.”
1:05 “It’s easier to say where the history of English monarchy ends
1:13 It ended on the 14th of October 1066, here at what became Battle Abbey(バトル修道院) on sand lack hill(砂のない丘) near Hastings.
1:21 We all know that this was where Harold (ハロルド2世; ヘースティングズの戦いでウイリアムに敗れた、最後のアングロサクソン系イングランド王) was killed and replaced by William the conqueror (ウイリアム征服王).
Harold was the last Englishman to be crowned king.
From then on、（その時以来） the sovereign（主権者） would always be from foreign family right down to Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.
So a history of the kings and queens of England isn’t
like the history of the kings and queens anywhere else in the world.
What happened here on that October the day started a completely new history which is why it’s the one dating history that everybody knows 1066.
2:08 The story of that day was spelled out（はっきり示された） in a strip cartoon, the Bayeux Tapestry(ちぎれた続き絵であるバイユーのタペストリー)probably stitched（おそらく縫われた）
William’s brother Odo
2:19 hero’s first appearance in the story that’s William Duke (ノルマンディー公爵) of Normandy about 37years old in 1064.
2:24 He’s being told that Harold Godwinson Earl of Wessex (ウェセックス伯爵; 後のハロルド2世) at the time has been shipwrecked (船酔いした) on the French coast.
One of these guys is Godwinson, I think it’s the chap (男) handlebar moustache （（自転車の）ハンドルバー形の口ひげ）. 2:41 He’s about 6 years older than William and most powerful man in England after king Edward.
2:43 These are both pretty hard men, survivors in a very tough world（厳しい世界）.
2:50 William spent his whole life fighting for survival and was good at it.
By the time he was 20, he’d established complete control over Normandy（ノルマンディーに対する完全な支配を打ち立てた）.
3:00 From then on、（その時以来） he was fighting to hang on to what he had（彼が得たものにしがみつくために戦い続けた）.
3:06 He got Harold to help him those battles capturing Mont-Saint Michel (モンサンミッシェル)
apparently （明らかに）as the price of letting him go home（
彼を解き放つ代価として）had Harold swear to support him （彼を支持することを誓わせた） in becoming the next king of England, which as the tapestry very clearly shows, is not what happened.
3:41 When old king Edward（エドワード懺悔王） died, Harold, as we all know, had himself crowned instead.
Actually to be a bit more precise（実際、もう少し正確に言えば、）he had himself elected king.（彼は自身を王に選ばせた）
not inherited（相続されるものではなく）but awarded(与えられる) .
In William’s view（ウイリアムの視点からは）
he set about putting it right. （それを正しくすることに着手する）
4:02 The Norwegian ruler Harald Hardrade(ノルウェー王ハラール3世) took a similar view（同様に見た） within a few days of each other.
launching an invasion（侵略にとりかかる）
Their two fleet（船団） arrived within a few days
One in the north of England one in the south, both fleets were probably about the same size. About 500 ships
4:25King Harald rushed north and destroyed Hardrade’s army.
34 ships made it back to Norway.
Then he rushed south at this time of course he failed to
4:39 We don’t know for sure that the man with the arrow in his eye is Harold, but he certainly died at the battle.
He and his axe-wielding(戦斧を振り回し)spear-carrying（槍を持った） army of Danish（デーン人）and Anglo-Saxon noblemen（貴族たち）
simply swept away.
4:53 In their place were new rulers of England Normans on horseback and William was their master, master of the country.
He owned it.
5:14 He was not an elected king.
When he went to London to be crowned on Christmas day, population thinking that was their duty now tried to elect him.
There claimed him with loud shouts
The Normans, not knowing what was going on（何が起こっているのか知らず）, thought this was some kind of uprising (これはある種の蜂起だと考えた).
They rushed out of Westminster Abbey（ウエストミンスター寺院） and burned London down.
England had become a new kingdom.
One which was owned lock, stock, and barrel (どれもこれも) by its king.
5:47”The story puppet rulers(傀儡の支配者) they can wield（振り回す） transformation
tides of revolution (革命の潮流)and republicanism(共和主義)
alien conqueror（異国の征服者） and his successor（後継者） to the throne （王座）.
It’s the story of how they changed England.
turning into puppet rulers(傀儡の支配者になる) symbols of power they cannot wield（振り回す）
they alone still lay claim to majesty（主権に対する権利を主張する※字幕のtheyは間違い）
6:20 How did that happen?”
The story of William’s reign is really the story of warrior lord taking all power into his hand.
6:35 he confiscated（差し押さえる）all the privately-owned lands（すべての私有地）in the country
its new occupiers （占有者）were tenants of the king bound to him（彼に縛り付けられた、王の店子であった）.
6:45 People of
Scandinavia than to Normandy they refused to submit（服従を拒否する）.
He punished them by destroying all animals and all crops（穀物）
York and Durham(ダラム)
7:04 1070 ㏌ the ruins of York.
The inhabitants were reduced to starvation （住人たちは飢餓状態になり果て、）even cannibalism （食人でさえ） .
7:12 16 years later, when all the land in England was accounted for and valued（説明され価値づけられた） in his domesday survey（ドゥームズデイブック；ウイリアム1世が作らせた土地台帳）
There were places in North Umbria（ノーサンブリア; 七王国の一つ） that was still utterly worthless.
7:27 The church too was made Norman and old Anglo-Saxon ways crushed at Glastonbury(グラストンベリー；地名).
Archers（射手） were stationed inside the abbey chants（歌）
7:46 Twenty-one monks were shot and yet were limits to his power
even understanding the language of
perfectly well
8:00 His coronation（戴冠）
8：08 made an oath to uphold（支持することを誓った） the laws of king Edward and renounce（放棄する）
this oath（この誓い）
coronation（戴冠）
bloated and exhausted （太って疲労困憊した）at the ripe age of sixty（60という脂の乗った時期に）his attendants stripped
red-head William, William Rufus（ウイリアム2世;
ルーファスは赤毛の意）acclaimed king
and the youngest Henry（ヘンリー1世;ウイリアム1世の子で、ウイリアム2世の弟）
9:28 The key to the plotting that followed
was content
9:31 Henry stirred（かき回した） the brew of resentment（憤慨）that made Robert try to take the kingdom of England from Willam.
And William.
should be acclaimed king（歓呼された王）
Henry（ヘンリー1世;ウイリアム1世の子で、ウイリアム2世の弟）
content with （に満足して）
weakening them both
eventually（最後に）Robert tiring of the whole struggle decided it would
9：50 satisfying to fight Saracens（ペルシャ人） and his brothers and went off on Crusade（（第一回）十字軍に出かけた）
William Rufus（ウイリアム2世）
Bishop of Lincoln（リンカン大聖堂）
Robert（ウイリアム2世の兄）
destruction it does seem as though Henry concentrated on quietly stirring up discontent （ヘンリーは静かに不満をかき回すことに集中しているかのように）
10:34 wasn’t their kind of chap (彼らのような男)
He didn’t marry, he had no children.
And one chronicle puts it all things that are loathsome（嫌悪すべき） to God
abominable（汚らわしい） to God
which is of course homophobic chronicle（それはもちろん同性愛を嫌悪する年代記の） speak for being gay（ゲイであることに対する表現であった）.
On the 2nd of August 1100
were hunting separately
the last day of William Rufus’s life
fired （放った）arrow that ended the reign of William Rufus（ウイリアム2世の統治を終わらせた矢）
his companion Terrell immediately fled （すぐに逃げた）and disappeared abroad（海外に消えた）
William’s body was abandoned （ウイリアムの死体は打ち捨てられた）where it lay（それが横たわった場所に） but a spot still
local peasants took it in a car to Winchester.（地元の農夫たちはそれを荷車に積んでウインチェスターへ運んだ）
11:34 Henry（ヘンリー1世;ウイリアム1世の子で、ウイリアム2世の弟）had arrived before them.
11:36 Winchester was where the royal treasure was kept
11:42 he demanded the treasury keys from the guards
refused to hand them over（鍵を渡すのを拒んだ）saying Robert, his elder brother was the rightful heir.（彼の兄であるロバートが正統な後継者であると）
11:46 Henry drew his sword and declared（剣を抜いて宣言した） that no one should stand between him and his father’s scepter（笏;王位の象徴）
11:53 Resistance collapsed（抵抗は崩れた）.
When the peasants arrived with their cart, the loads of England were busy electing Henry as their king.
12：14 the first elected ruler since Harold Godwinson(ハロルド2世)
12:18 Bishop（司教）
give the corpse（死体） a Christian burial out of respect for his royal status William Rufus was nevertheless interred （埋葬された）under the cathedral tower（大聖堂の塔の下に） and when that collapsed a few years later（それが数年後に倒れたとき） everyone said “told you sir”（皆は「申し上げたはずです、陛下！」と言った）.
12:32 Henry’s coronation
32years old.
His father won the country by force of arms（武器の力で）and his barons（直臣）
12:52 Alongside his sanctification（神聖化）by the church, he issued a charter promising that he would not overtax
13:02
He claimed that the crown changed his nature he was no longer an ordinary human being （もはや普通の人間ではない）
as the anointed（聖油を塗られた王） king he held special divinely granted powers
his touch was supposed to cure scrofula(瘰癧(るいれき) 《結核性の頸(けい)部リンパ節炎》)swollen neck（膨らんだ首）lands from tuberculosis.
This magic power which became known as touching for the king evil was practiced by English monarchs（君主） for the next 700 years as proof of their divine authority （神から与えられた権威の証拠として）
but men on the make（出世に熱中する男たち） would support him.
13:47 By the time Robert was able to mount a challenge（挑戦に乗り出す）to Henry it stood no chance.
He agreed to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for pension（年金と引き換えにヘンリーをイギリスの王として認めることに合意した）.
Of course it didn’t last.
Henry ended up invading Normandy in 1106 and imprisoning his brother （自分の兄を投獄した）for the rest of his life.
14：06 This is his tomb （墓）in Gloucester Cathedral
The question of who entitled to succeed （誰に後継の権利があるのかという問題）is
still when you came down to it.
A matter of brute force（腕力の問題）but Henry’s victory had a profound, symbolic meaning（深遠で象徴的な意味があった）because it changed the status of the English crown 英国王の地位を変えた
14:23
Under his father彼の父（ウイリアム1世）の下ではEngland had been a property（所有地） seized and owned by Duke of Normandy.
Now Normandy is a property seized and owned by the king of England.
Henry was a naturally cheerful person.
Just after his coronation he married Edith the daughter of an English woman and of the king of Scotland.
14:44 And he encouraged Normans he was promoting to marry
“The great barons(男爵たち) regarded this with contempt（軽蔑をもって） and referred to their king and queen as Godgifu and Godiva a style statement which roughly translate as Cid and Gladys.
15:00 As sturdy warriors（頑健な戦士として） they also didn’t appreciate the fact that he was literate in three languages.
(三か国語が読み書きできるという事実も評価しなかった）
His other nickname “beauclerc” means “Henry the Swot（がり勉ヘンリー）”
彼の学究的な態度からボクレール（beauclerc、碩学王）の渾名を持つ。
15:11 But those great barons were having their power undercut（安価で差し出した） as Henry recruited his government officers and judges from the church.
He supervised his kingdom by moving his court from one center to another.
It was a great traveling performance like a circus(サーカスのような移動実演であった)
15:30 reliable（信頼できる）civil servant（文官）, Roger the Bishop of Salisbury who was called the Justitia.
The idea of government by a system rather than by a man was beginning to take shape （形を取り始めた）
He sent judges on their tours（巡察）of the country and enforced laws harshly（法律を厳しく強化した）which seems to have been quite popular（それはとても人気を博したようだった）according to the chronicles but his punishments（罰） were often based on the idea that people were guilty until proved innocent and there was no time to do that（無実が証明されるまでは有罪だったが、そんなことをする時間はなかった）.
16:01 Were England’s lanes（小道）really full of blinded and mutilated men（目を潰され、手足を切断された人々）muttering（つぶやく）”Firm but fair”?
You’d think so from the sources we have, they liked the strong king and he managed to keep the treasury well stocked with money（宝庫を金で十分に満たし続け得た）, which meant he could file royalty（忠誠）when he needed to.
The key to this was his system for checking his income twice a year.
Sheriffs and royal officials from all over England had to bring their money to be counted by being shunted（回避した） around in piles on a checkered cloth like a chessboard.
16:44 It was called the Exchequer（大蔵省）.
The system worked so well that the cabinet minister in charge of the nation’s finances（国の財政を担当した内閣の大臣）is still told the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
We still use pay for chitties called checks（小切手と呼ばれるメモ）
diplomacy（外交） he controlled and to some extent colonized Wales（ある程度ウェールズを植民地化した）
17:04 Henry sent his young daughter Matilda（ヘンリ1世の娘で後のヘンリ2世の母） to Germany to marry Holly Roman Emperor and in 1116 he held a great assembly in Salisbury where all the Barons, nobles and Bishops（男爵、貴族や司教たち） swore homage（忠誠を誓った）to his son William as his successor to the crown.
In 1120, young William was a star, an enthusiastic warrior, a keen huntsman（鋭い猟師） and the heir apparent（明白な後継者）.
He’d been in Normandy with his father fighting the King of France.
And the whole party was returning to England.
17:30 William and pals（友人たち） were traveling in a brand-new ship（新品の船）, the white ship.
They were the 12 century English jet-set.
The millionaire knightly lad （騎士の若者）who were heirs（相続人） to most of England and Normandy
became really rowdy（騒々しい）
The hooray
Henry’s yelling
18:00 come to the voyage William’s cousin Stephan
17:48 ”Once they got on”
throwing off a bunch of priests（僧侶の一団を投げ出した）
William’s cousin Stephan
decided to go ashore and take him later ship
into the dark
18：20 50 oars pushing this state-of-the-art（最新の） longboat
18:41 The rock of Buffalo was a well-known hazard to navigation（航海が危険）King ship
destroyed in the equivalent of a drunken car crash.（飲酒運転に匹敵するものの中で壊れた）
19:07 It said Henry never smiled again.
You can see why.
19:12 Six years after the fatal crash, not knowing what
else to do, Henry obliged Barons, nobles and Bishops of England to swear fealty to his daughter Matilda as his successor just as he’d had them swear to his son.
By the time Henry died in 1135, it was all falling apart.
He was 67 years old and he’d gone a long way towards defining the job of a king of England（彼は英国王の仕事を定義するのに大いに役立ってきた）fundamental problem.
Who was entitled to that job had still
20:44 Matilda was in Anjou her husband and then up on Stephan Blois（スティーブン・ブロワ） sailed from Normandy to England and claimed the crown.
Stephan who’d been saved from drowning on the white ship by an urgent need for a lavatory（便所を急に必要としたためにホワイト・シップで溺れずに済んだスティーブン） was the son of Henry’s sister illegitimate （正統でない）grandson of William the conqueror（ウイリアム1世、征服王）.
21:05 He’d also been the leading Baron（指導的男爵）to swear fealty to Matilda as the heir apparent（明らかな後継者としてのマチルダに忠誠を誓う）
21:14 But that was then and this was now he（スティーブンのこと） was 38 years old backed by very tough mother（※ウイリアム1世の娘アデル） and one of his brothers was the Bishop of the Winchester（ウインチェスター司教） with the keys to the royal treasury.
21:25 The wife of the Count of Anjou（アンジュ―伯の妻） was not a popular choice with the Barons.
21:30 Stephan was a normal.
This side, he seemed a malleable sort of chap（順応性のある種類の男）brave enough and high-spirited.
He was also generous courteous and affable （丁寧で親しみがもてる）and would probably do as he was told which was of course a recipe for disaster（災害へと通じるレシピ）than
21:50 Archbishop of Canterbury（カンタベリー大司教） at Westminster on Christmas day 1135 he issued what was now the traditional coronation oath（伝統的な戴冠の誓いとなっているものを発行した）promising old laws and be nice to everyone.
22:00 According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle when they saw that the King was a good-natured and kindly man who inflicted no punishment （罰を課さなかった）.
22：14 They committed all kinds of terrible crimes.
All the done homage and sworn oath of fealty （臣下の誓いをし、忠誠の誓いを行った） but none were kept.”（しかし、一つも守られなかった）
22:20 Meanwhile Matilda was enraged and of course had her own supporters.
England was rapidly moving to civil war（イギリスは急激に内乱に向かっていった）.
22:28 Stephan was insecure.
He surrounded himself with people from near Blois Fleming’s which didn’t go down well with the Barons（男爵たちには人気がなかった） he bought royalty until it emptied the treasury
still not been solved
up on Stephan who sailed from Normandy
need for a lavatory
William the Conqueror
seemed a malleable sort of chap（従順な種類の男） brave enough
generous courteous and affable（愛想の良い）
was insecure
22:39 began confiscating property so that he could pay his supporters.
22:44 By the time Matilda landed to claim her throne in 1141, Stephan trying to put down rebellion after rebellion（反乱に次ぐ反乱を鎮圧）.
He was a brave even ferocious（獰猛な）fighter but his support melted away（次第に去った）.
And he was captured in a battle at Lincoln.
Stephan was Matilda’s prisoner.
23:00 A church council（教会評議会） declared that he was deposed by the manifest judgement(マニフェストジャッジメントによって退けられたと宣言した)of God and recognized Matilda as Queen.（マチルダを女王と認めた）
23:10 Matilda proceeded to Westminster and was all set to be crowned and then something went peculiarly wrong.（何かが奇妙なほど間違った）
Something that carries an extraordinary clear message about the job of being the monarch of England（英国君主）.
All Matilda’s understanding of monarchy（君主制） had been learned
coronation to respect the laws of England
24:01 “But Matilda flatly refused（きっぱりと拒否した）.
She didn’t need a coronation to be Queen.
In her view, she already was.
She behaved imperiously（権柄ずくで）which might mean magnificently in German but meant intolerably in English.
And when the citizens of London petitioned her for a renewal（彼女にエドワード懺悔王の法律の更新を嘆願した）of King Edward’s law, she not only refused to listen but demanded a heavy tax （聴き入れるのを拒んだだけでなく、重税を課した）from them.
So they threw her out（彼女を追い出した）
Stephan was released from prison and resumed his battered kingship（壊れた王の位を回復した）.
In fact he had a second coronation.
Matilda roamed around the Midlands（ミッドランド周辺を歩き回った）in Western country, fighting for a throne she was entitled to but could never have（権利を与えられながら手にすることのできなかった王座を求めて戦った）
24:44 In 1143 just before Christmas Stephan
finally had her trapped and starving in Oxford castle but unbelievably Matilda and three night（3人の騎士） got away.
It had snowed and that night dressed entirely in white they dropped over the wall to the frozen water below they moved silent and invisible in the fresh snow（新雪） right through Stephan’s camp.
It was another 5 years before Matilda gave up and returned to Normandy.
But she simply handed the torch to her son Henry, who came to England when he was 16 to carry on the struggle.
25:26 So the fighting went on year after year and the country was in effect without law and without government.
25:31 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle said castles were filled with devils and evil men（悪人たち）.
25:40 Christ and all his sense were asleep.
Stephan naturally intended his own son Eustace to succeed him.
intend O to V 「OがVするよう意図する」
But in 1153 both Eustace and Stephan’s wife fell ill and died.
Stephan had had enough.
At the end of the year, Stephan and Henry rode together to London.
There the king proclaimed new foundation for the kingdom.（王国の新たな創設を宣言した）
26:12 Henry was now his own adopted son and would be his successor as King of England（英国王としては彼の後継者となったであろう）.
Although Stephan would remain King for life, Henry would take over the government immediately（即座に）.
26:27 The next year, utterly worn out（全く消耗して）, King Stephan retired to his grave（墓場）.
On the 19th of December 1154, there was a double coronation in Westminster Abbey.
26:38 The 21 year old Henry the 2nd was crowned King and his 33 year old wife Eleanor was crowned Queen consort（王妃）.
Eleanor Duchess of Aquitaine（アキテーヌの公爵夫人エレノア;のちにリチャード1世やジョン王の母となる）knew all about being a Queen.
When she was 15, orphaned（孤児） and the richest damsel（少女） in France, she was married to the heir（後継ぎ） to the French throne.
27:00 And a few days later, their pair became King（ルイ7世） and Queen of France.
27:01 The King of France was a saintly figure with perhaps a rather low sex drive（むしろ淡白な性衝動しか持たない聖人的人物）.
Eleanor came from a family of lordly troubadours（貴族の吟遊詩人の家庭）whose court（求愛） was dedicated to interesting love affairs（楽しい情事に捧げられた） she later said that she thought she’d married a man but had married a monk.
かつての妻であったアリエノールは、｢王と結婚したと思っていたら修道士だった」と述べた。
She had a series of affairs including one with Matilda’s husband Geoffrey of Anjou(アンジュ―伯ジョフロワ 長男は後にイングランド国王となるヘンリー2世（アンジュー伯アンリ）である。) in he rather dashingly（粋に）wore sprig（小枝を身に着けた） of broom （エニシダ）, planta genista in his hat so people called him Plantagenet.
27:41 Eventually all the Angevins（アンジュー家） the whole family line（子孫たち） wore it on their crest（冑の前立てにエニシダをつけた）.
She then had an affair with Geoffrey’s son, the attractive young Henry（ヘンリ2世）, a bright well-educated athlete（明るくて教養のあるスポーツマン） with vitality, intelligence, freckles（そばかす）and money.
According to contemporary chronicler（当時の年代記作者） and Henry’s father had warned his son of her （息子に彼女のことを警告した）saying that she had been his lover and she was the wife of Henry’s overlord（ヘンリ2世の大君主の妻）.
Henry was Duke of Normandy（ヘンリは（フランスの）ノルマンディー公であったのだ）.
But Geoffrey died in 1151.
27:58 And in 1152 Henry got Eleanor pregnant（エレノアを懐妊させた）.
28:03 Louis who probably didn’t know that detail(おそらくそんな詳細は知らないルイ7世) had their marriage annulled（結婚を無効にした） and she married her toy boy（若いつばめ）.
28:14 Of course, she did all she could to encourage his efforts to become King of England and make her a Queen again.
28:17 The coronation of 1154 must have been most satisfying for her.
28:21 He didn’t make his mother’s mistake of claiming to be above the law instead maintaining proper form（適切な形式を維持する代わりに） he issued a charter（勅許） confirming all the liberties that were enforced under his grandfather Henry the 1st.
28:33 The combination（組み合わせ） of his lands and Eleanor’s（エリノアの土地） meant that this King of England ruled more than half of France.
28:38 Though as the vassal of the French King（フランス王の家臣だけれども）, it would have been too much for almost anyone.（それは誰にとっても大きすぎたであろう）
But Henry was a man of extraordinary restless energy （異常なほど不休のエネルギー） who travelled vigorously（活力にあふれて） around his realms（領地） and would order his court to hit the road（出発するように命令した） with no notice whatever（何ら事前通告なく）.
order O to V 「OにVするよう命令する」
29:00 He got England up（イングランドを立ち上がらせ） and running with astonishing speed（驚くべき速さで）.
He had all newly built castles（新しく建てられた城） destroyed so that individual lords（個々の領主たち） could not stand against him and got the law functioning again（法律を再び機能させた）.
29:10 He organized government into ministries（省） with chancellor of the exchequer（財務大臣） playing the role we would now recognize as Prime Minister.
29:17 The chap in question（問題の男） was a son of London merchant（商人）.
29：21 He was Henry’s closest friend and colleague（同僚） they joked and drank together.
And he lived as the greatest lord（領主） in the country.
